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    中公2016年考研英语用书《考研英语“10+2”10年真题2年模拟》

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      • 作  者:全国硕士研究生招生考试研究委员会
        出 版 社:世界图书出版公司
      • 出版日期:2015年01月
        版  次:2016版
      • 开  本:16
        装  订:平装
      • 适用范围:2016年全国硕士学位研究生入学统一考试
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        目录
            1986~2015年考研英语考情分析
            一、历年考试题型分析(1)
                (一)历年题型、分值演变(1)
                (二)历年题型、分值演变分析(3)
            二、各题型的题材分析(4)
                (一)英语知识运用(4)
                (二)阅读理解(5)
                (三)英译汉(9)
                (四)写作(10)
            三、2004~2015年考研英语题材来源分析(12)
            四、考研英语高效复习五步法(18)

         

        文摘

        2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题

            Section Ⅰ Use of English
            Directions:
            Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)    
            Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is   1   a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has   2  .
            The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted   3   1,932 unique subjects which
            4   pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both   5  .
            While 1% may seem   6  , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even   7   their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who   8   our kin.”
            The study   9   found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.   10  , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more   11   it. There could be many mechanisms working together that   12   us in choosing genetically similar friends   13   “functional kinship” of being friends with   14  !
            One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving   15   than other genes. Studying this could help   16   why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major   17   factor.
            The findings do not simply corroborate people’s   18   to befriend those of similar
            19   backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to   20   that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
            1. [A] what             [B] how              [C] why             [D] when
            2. [A] defended        [B] concluded       [C] withdrawn         [D] advised
            3. [A] for               [B] with               [C] by               [D] on
            4. [A] separated        [B] sought            [C] compared         [D] connected
            5. [A] tests            [B] objects             [C] samples          [D] examples
            6. [A] insignificant      [B] unexpected     [C] unreliable        [D] incredible
            7. [A] visit             [B] miss               [C] know            [D] seek
            8. [A] surpass          [B] influence           [C] favor            [D] resemble
            9. [A] again            [B] also               [C] instead          [D] thus
            10. [A] Meanwhile     [B] Furthermore    [C] Likewise         [D] Perhaps
            11. [A] about           [B] to                [C] from             [D] like
            12. [A] limit            [B] observe          [C] confuse           [D] drive
            13. [A] according to     [B] rather than         [C] regardless of      [D] along with
            14. [A] chances        [B] responses          [C] benefits          [D] missions
            15. [A] faster            [B] slower          [C] later             [D] earlier
            16. [A] forecast         [B] remember        [C] express           [D] understand
            17. [A] unpredicted      [B] contributory     [C] controllable     [D] disruptive
            18. [A] tendency       [B] decision        [C] arrangement    [D] endeavor
            19. [A] political         [B] religious       [C] ethnic          [D] economic
            20. [A] see              [B] show           [C] prove           [D] tell
         
                  
         

        Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
        Part A

            Directions:
            Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

        Text 1

            King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
            The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.
            It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains, monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
            Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomes Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
            The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Prince and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
            While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
            It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-healed) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
            21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carl of spain
            [A] used to enjoy high public support.
            [B] was unpopular among European royals.
            [C] ended his reign in embarrassment.
            [D] eased his relationship with his rivals.
            22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
            [A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status.
            [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.
            [C] to give voters more public figures to look up to.
            [D] due to their everlasting political embodiment.
            23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
            [A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
            [B] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
            [C] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
            [D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.
            24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles
            [A] takes a tough line on political issues.
            [B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
            [C] takes republicans as his potential allies.
            [D] fails to adapt himself to his future role.
            25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
            [A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
            [B] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
            [C] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
            [D] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne

        参考答案与详解
        2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题

            1. A。【解析】考查语法结构。解答此题需结合第二个空。由第二个空的四个选项可知考查的是及物动词的含义,故此处所填的词引导表语从句,且作第二个空处动词的宾语,符合题意的只有A. what。how, why, when均不能在从句中作宾语。
            2. B。【解析】考查动词辨析。从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出,That is              中的That是指第一句话的内容,即朋友与我们在基因上的相关性,很显然是研究得出的结论。conclude意为“作结论”,符合题意,故答案为B项。defended“辩护,防护”,withdrawn“撤销;收回”,advised“建议”,均不符合题意。
            3. D。【解析】考查固定搭配。本句中的主句意为:这项研究是一个基于1 932个独特实验对象的全组基因分析。conduct analysis on即conduct sth. on为固定搭配,意为“基于”,故选D项。
            4. C。【解析】考查动词辨析。该空格所在的句子是which 引导的定语从句,修饰study,其大意为:对几对基因不相关的朋友和基因不相关的陌生人进行            。因为“研究”的内容是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题,所以完整的意思应该是:对几对基因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行比较。故答案为C. compared。separated“使分离,使分开”,sought“寻找”,connected“连接,联合”均不符合题意。
            5. C。【解析】考查名词辨析。根据空格的前后内容判断,到第五个空为止,文章都在讲实验过程和实验对象,此处表达的意思为:这两组            涉及相同的实验者。所以根据上下文语境,samples“样本”符合题意,故选C项。tests“测验”,objects“物体;目标”,examples“例子”,均不符合题意。
            6. A。【解析】考查形容词辨析。本句意为“尽管这1%看起来似乎            ,但是遗传学家可不这么认为”。空前后形成对比转折的逻辑关系,而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家James Fowler对这1%基因的态度是肯定的,insignificant“无关紧要的”符合题意,故答案为A项。unexpected“出乎意料的”,unreliable“不可靠的”,incredible“难以置信的”均不符合语境。
            7. C。【解析】考查动词辨析。本句意为“大多数人甚至不            他们隔三代的表亲,但却设法选择那些…”。填入的词必须满足前后句之间的转折关系,将四个选项带入,只有C. know“认识,知道”符合上下文语义。visit“访问,参观”,miss“错过;想念”,seek“寻找;探索”均不符合语境。
            8. D。【解析】考查动词辨析。本句意为“大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲,但却设法选择那些与我们的亲戚            的人作为朋友”。根据全文主旨“基因上的相似性”可知,resemble“类似,像”符合题意。surpass“超越,胜过”,influence“影响”,favor“赞成;喜欢”,均不符合语境。
            9. B。【解析】考查逻辑关系。句子开头用The study ...,显然这是对上文话题的继续阐述,前文指出研究发现朋友与我们有1%的基因关系,而空处所在句the genes for smell were something shared in friends在进一步讨论该话题,前后之间是顺接关系,故答案为B. also“也”。again“再一次,又”,instead“相反”,thus“因此”均不符合逻辑。
            10. D。【解析】考查副词辨析。从选项和句子结构可以判断,空格处要求填入一个能够体现前后两个句子逻辑关系的副词,空前的句子谈到“为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释”,空后却紧接着对此得出一个相关结论,很明显前后形成转折,所以此结论只能是一种不确定的推测,D. Perhaps“可能”符合题意。Meanwhile“同时,其间”,Furthermore“此外,而且”,Likewise“同样,也”,均表示递进,无法顺畅承接上文。
            11. B。【解析】考查介词辨析。本句的后半句出现了比较级,可见是和前文形成比较关系,因此和上半句介词保持一致,故用介词to。本句意为“它(这种相似性)吸引我们到相同的环境,并且使我们更为相似”。因此答案为B项。
            12. D。【解析】考查动词辨析。本句意为“可能有很多机制共同作用,从而            我们选择基因相似的朋友…”。根据上下文可知,此处所填入动词需符合结构             sb. in doing sth.,纵观四个选项,只有D. drive“驱使”符合此用法,表示:这些机制驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友。A项limit用于limit sb. to doing sth.结构,observe“观察,遵守”和confuse“困惑”均无此用法,故排除。
            13. B。【解析】考查短语辨析及逻辑关系。空前说选择基因相似的朋友,空后说具有“实用关系”的朋友,可知前后为对立关系,并且根据文章主题,可知肯定前者而否定后者,B. rather than意为“而不是”,符合题意。according to“根据”没有体现出对立及取舍关系;regardless of“不管”表让步关系,干扰性较强,但文章更强调取前舍后,因此排除;along with“伴随”表顺接,故排除。
            14. C。【解析】考查名词辨析。根据前文functional kinship(实用关系)可得出benefits“利益”使前后形成呼应。chances“机会”,responses“反应”,missions“使命”均不符合题意。故选C项。
            15. A。【解析】考查形容词辨析。本句意为“这项研究的重大发现之一是相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化得            ”。由下一句中的human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years(人类进化在过去3万年间提速)可知,所填单词与picked pace(加速)形成呼应,故A. faster“更快”符合题意。slower“更慢”,later“更晚”,earlier“更早”均不符合语境。
            16. D。【解析】考查动词辨析。根据语意,空格后面是一个why引导的宾语从句,指的是“人类进化在过去3万年间得以加速的原因”,表示这一研究的结果和意义。能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有understand“理解”,故选D项。forecast“预测”与“过去3万年”相矛盾,remember“记住”和express“表达”均不符合题意。
            17. B。【解析】考查形容词辨析。此空需要填入一个形容词,表达社会环境对人类进步所起到的作用。help及pick pace这两个词表达的都是积极的含义,因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义色彩的词, 因此排除unpredicted“不可预测的”和disruptive“破坏性的”。而controllable“可控的”与语意无关,因此正确答案为B. contributory“促进的”。
            18. A。【解析】考查名词辨析。此处进一步陈述这一研究的结论。本文的主旨重在解释人们在交朋友时的不自觉的一种倾向,而非通过人为的有意识的举动来选择朋友。因此正确答案为A. tendency“倾向”。decision“决定”,arrangement“安排”,endeavor“努力”均不符合题意。
            19. C。【解析】考查形容词辨析。结合文意,人们普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人交朋友。ethnic“种族的,民族的”是上文中多次重复出现的genes以及下文的the same population的同义复现。因此正确答案为C项。political“政治的”,religious“宗教的”,economic“经济的”,均不符合文意。
            20. A。【解析】考查动词辨析。动词要与前后搭配。see that 构成固定词组,意为“务必使…”,符合文意,本句意为“即使所有的实验对象都拥有欧洲血统,(研究者们)仍然悉心确保所有的实验对象、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一种群”。show“展示”,prove“证明”,tell“辨别”均无此含义,且不符合题意,故答案为A项。 
            Your Friends May Be Your Fourth Cousins: US Study(编者加)
            美国研究证实:你的朋友可能是你隔三代的堂亲
            尽管没有生物学上的联系,朋友就像隔三代的堂兄妹,与我们有着1%的相同基因。这是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在《美国国家科学院院刊》上联合发表的研究成果。
            这项研究是一个基于1 932个独特实验对象的全组基因分析,它对几对基因不相关的朋友和基因不相关的陌生人进行了比较。这两组样本涉及相同的实验者。
            尽管这1%看起来似乎无关紧要,但是遗传学家可不这么认为。正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校的遗传医学教授詹姆斯?福勒所说:“大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲,但却设法选择那些与我们的亲戚相似的人作为朋友”。
            研究也发现嗅觉基因是朋友间共有的,但免疫基因却不是。目前,为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释。正如这个研究团队表明的,这种基因可能把我们吸引到相似的环境,但远不止这一个作用。可能有很多机制共同作用,从而驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友,而不是选择有利又有用的朋友。
            这项研究的重大发现之一是相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化得更快。将社会环境作为一个主要的促进因素时,这样的研究有助于理解为什么在过去3万年间人类进化得以加速。
            研究者说,这些发现不是简单地证实人们有和相似基因背景的人交朋友的倾向。尽管所有的实验对象都拥有欧洲血统,研究者们仍然悉心确保所有的实验对象、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一种群。这个研究团队也控制着数据以检验实验对象的族谱。  

        Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
        Part A
        Text 1

            本文选自2014年6月4日The Guardian《卫报》上一篇名为Is the Writing on the Wall for All European Royals?(墙上的题词是为所有的欧洲皇室准备的吗?)的文章。全文共有六段。从西班牙国王卡洛斯退位事件切入,主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题。
            21. C。【解析】细节题。根据关键词the first two paragraphs定位到第一、二段。由第一段第二句“但令人尴尬的丑闻和共和党在最近的欧洲选举中受欢迎迫使他收回自己的话,退了下来”可知,C项中stand down是end reign的同义置换,且C项中的embarrassment与导致卡洛斯卸任的原因embarrassing scandals是相呼应的。故C项是正确答案。A项“过去享有很高的群众支持”,B项“在欧洲皇室中是不受欢迎的”和D项“缓和与他的对手之间的关系”均属于无中生有,故排除。
            22. A。【解析】细节题。根据题干关键词Monarchs, as heads of state定位到第三段。该段末句意为“但不同于海湾地区和亚洲等同于君主的专制主义者,大部分王室家族幸存下来,这是因为他们让选民避免了在寻找一个无争议但受尊重的公众人物时的困难”,其中non-controversial but respected public figure正是A项中undoubted and respectable status的同义置换,故A项是正确答案。B项“在传统和现实中寻求平衡”,C项“给选民更多的公众人物去崇拜”和D项“因为他们永恒的政治体现”均不符合题意。
            23. C。【解析】细节题。根据题干关键词odd, Paragraph 4定位到第四段。该段第二句提到“奇怪的是富有的贵族家庭仍然是现代民主国家的象征核心”,其中bizarre是题干中odd的同义替换,the symbolic heart of modern democratic states是C项the role of the nobility in modern democracies的同义替换。故C项为正确答案。A项“贵族们过度依赖继承的财富”,B项“贵族家庭简单的生活方式”和D项“贵族对他们特权的坚持”,均不符合题意。
            24. D。【解析】细节题。根据题干关键词have most to fear定位到最后一段。根据该段第二句“危险来自查尔斯,他热衷于昂贵的生活方式并拥有等级分明的世界观。他不明白,君主制很大程度上幸存下来是因为他们提供了一项服务——作一名无争议的、非政治的国家领导人”可知,D项“不能适应未来身份”为正确答案。A项“在政治问题上采取强硬路线”,B项“不能像建议的那样改变他的生活方式”和C项“把共和党人作为他潜在的盟友”均不符合题意。
            25. B。【解析】主旨题。做对此题,需纵观全文。文章从西班牙国王卡洛斯退位事件切入,主要讨论当下欧洲君主制度所存在的问题,并非讨论查尔斯的事件,所以排除C项“查尔斯,对即将到来威胁做出缓慢反应”和D项“查尔斯的继位焦虑”。而在A项“卡洛斯,荣辱并存”和B项“卡洛斯,欧洲君王们的前车之鉴”中,A项属于文中细节信息,不能概括文章大意,B项可概括,故为正确答案。另外,文章主题词Monarch只在B项中出现,所以考生可快速锁定正确答案。

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